and entire leaves from the Atlantic coast forest of the state of Bahia besides another kin species from the state of Mato Grosso (both belonging to Group V) await description. Cassava Breeding Unit, IITA. The flesh ranges from bright white to soft yellow. Cross-sections of the samples were used for cellular morphology studies. 982). Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Isozyme analysis showed polymorphic banding pattern, while the eight RAPD primers used did not produce polymorphic. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers. The leaves were verified and authenticated in the Herbarium unit of Botany department, University of Calabar. An illustration of three cassava (variety Kibandameno) leaf samples infected with Cassava brown streak virus (A–C); and two leaves from disease-free samples (D–E). If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Health benefits of cassava leaves – Cassava leaves for health benefits are familiar to rural communities who consume these vegetables daily in a variety of culinary. A cassava plant can form up to 14 storage roots per plant, depending on the genotype. However, they are poor in protein and other nutrients. The effect of leaf bud position on the stem cutting from a 1-year old mother plant is observed in Table 2. Diversity of cassava storage root in the central cylinder (edible part) related to carotenoid types and content (Panel A) and carbohydrate types as stained with iodine solution (Panel B). The origin of cultivated cassava is still unclear. 1. leaf morphology Compared with CK, the leaves at 10% and 20% PEG solutions, had no obvious change, while, the leaves of the three germplasms became wilting, drooping, and yellow, especially for the lower leaves, at the 30% PEG. The cone-shaped roots are starch storage organs covered with a papery bark and a pink to white cortex. Available from: An Overview of Their Processing and Utilization, starch accumulation rate (starch gram/root/day), fiber accumulation rate (fiber gram/root/day), EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia-DF, Brazil, USDA-ARS, Sunflower and Plant Biology Research Unit, Fargo, ND, USA, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural (CATAS), Hainan, China. However, cassava contains chemicals called cyanogenic glycosides. 2. Research Technicians in Breeding cassava cultivars grown, no studies have been conducted on cultivar discrimination and preference on their tubers for consumption. Luiz JCB Carvalho, Josefino F. Filho, James V. Anderson, Priscila G. Figueiredo and Songbi Chen (December 28th 2017). We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Cassava leaf 300 7.6 3,000 0.25 0.60 2.4 310 Amaranth leaf 410 8.9 2,300 0.05 0.42 1.2 50 Soybean 185 6.1 28 0.71 0.25 2.0 0 Maize (yellow) 13 4.9 125 0.32 0.12 1.7 4 Source: West et al., 1988. 452 Stamp- Anatomy and Morphology of Regeneration in Cassava in half longitudinally during the dissection process to provide two expiants. Results shown in Figure 8 indicate that CSR formation initiates 30 DAP, reaching a maximum number of SR (12–14) by 90 DAP, SR diameter increased linearly up to 170 DAP, while SR length reach a plateau around 40–70 DAP (Figure 8 Panel A) depending on the genotype. T, X, and B indicate leaf position; top, middle, and bottom leaves, respectively. Cassava leaf showing an attack of brown leaf spot Infected cassava tuber showing white mycelial growth Mealybug infestation of cassava leaves Cassava plant showing elegant grass- hopper attack Cassava stem stripped down to the pith following grasshopper attadc Unit 2 Morphology and physiology Figure 2.1 General morphology of the cassava plant Cassava storage root (CSR) is an indeterminate, vegetative storage organ that results from the swelling of primary root crown root, with the central cylinder as the edible part. Embryonic axes were 1-2 mm long and composed of a relatively large root-tip and small ( < 0-2 mm high) shoot-tip with no distinguishable hypocotyl. Features of cassava storage root and its importance ranked in association with practical utilization by mankind. Describing a CSR sampling procedure specific for CSR to estimate traits of agronomic importance for the two major practical utilization of CSR to improve product quality. The other secondary meristem, the cambium, lies between the primary xylem and the primary phloem. (A) Refers to tissue of peel (secondary phloem, phellogen, and phelloderm), vascular cambium, and secondary xylem. The SR maturation (physiological maturation), as taken by the rate of CSR growth, starch accumulation, and crude fiber accumulation, and crude fiber/starch ratio vary in relation to conventional utilization of the crop (Table 3). Accurate estimation of the genetic of traits in landraces derived from alteration in two major metabolic pathways (starch and carotenoid) of great relevance for the two recognized practical utilization of CSR by using physiological concepts and sampling strategy. Storage root can initiate from three distinct sources (Figure 3) of plant propagating material. Second, protein content varies according to tissue type and age across the central cylinder by decreasing from layer 3 to layer 4 to layer 5 (Figure 9B). An illustration of three cassava (variety Kibandameno) leaf samples infected with Cassava brown streak virus (A–C); and two leaves from disease-free samples (D–E). 1.4.1.1 General morphology and composition of the cassava root. Storage Root of Cassava: Morphological Types, Anatomy, Formation, Growth, Development and Harvest Time, Cassava, Viduranga Waisundara, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.71347. E-mail: azevedorv84@gmail.com This work examined the performance, intestinal morphology and viability of including cassava leaf bran (CLB) in diets for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Cassava storage roots formation and induction. Storage root growth and development parameters of an early (cv. A leaf morphology trait (TO:0000748) which is the variation in shapes and forms of a leaf (PO:0025034). Developmental stages of storage root (SR) were defined based on SR diameter (cm), SR length (cm), carbohydrate, carotenoid composition and content, protein content, fiber content, and fiber/starch ration to accomplish harvest time (physiological maturation). B4FA 2012 Tanzania: Marker-assisted selection in cassava production - Esther ... Infographic - Cassava - A resilient crop with great potential, No public clipboards found for this slide, Cassava Morphological Characteristics and trait evaluation at different breeding stages, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. Step by step for storage root tissue sampling system used to further biochemical feature studies of cassava storage root as secondary growth proceeds. Significant differences in morphology and physiology were observed during tetraploidization. Histological characterizations can be used to identify cell types of primary and secondary meristems, procambium, vascular cambium, phellogen, phelloderm, primary and secondary xylem and phloem, storage parenchyma and sclerenchyma. A study was conducted in Hawaii, USA, to examine how patterns of leaf area development, plant growth, and root production of cassava cv. In addition to the primary tissues (Figure 4F), cassava storage root has secondary tissues that add thickness to a primary root (Figure 4B–E). Cassava storage root formation in relation to leaf bud position in the stem cuttings from a 1-year old mother plant. Cassava roots are very rich in starch and contain small amounts of calcium (16 mg/100 g), phosphorus (27 mg/100 g), and vitamin C (20.6 mg/100 g). Carbohydrate composition, content, and genetic variation: Sugary cassava is a unusual SR phenotype as observed in Figure 2 (Panel B) for the cross session of SR stained with iodine solution, cells morphology, free sugar composition, and sucrose/glucose content in relation to normal genotypes and SR tissue age [3]. How? These important characteristics are ranked (Table 1) in relation to their utilization for fresh consumption and industrial use (two most common uses of cassava by mankind). Further researches to dissect transcriptome and proteome of CSR are under way using the sampling system proposed in this chapter to elucidate molecular mechanisms regulating CSR formation, growth, development, and physiological maturation. Some discrepancies are expected in phenetic and phylogenetic systems. Moreover, the composition of stored starch varies with tissue age across the central cylinder and may be used as a physiological indicator for bulk storage root maturation and storage root harvest time. Native to South America, it’s a major source of calories and carbs for people in developing countries. See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details. This liquid should … 83 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4101 - Hillocks - Cassava\A4212 - Hillocks - Cassava #R.vp Monday, February 04, 2002 11:21:54 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Storage root growth analysis was performed based on sampling SR at different time points after stem cuttings were planted in field plots at EMBRAPA Cerrados (Lat 15°35,769°) (Long 47°42,664°) and (Alt 977m) for a crop season of up to 170 days after planting (DAP) using genotypes for industrial use (cv.436) and fresh consume (cv. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities. Cross-sections of the samples were used for cellular morphology studies. Cassava storage roots grow in length from the apical meristem forming new cells continually, as generally observed in other plants carrying root secondary growth. Qualitatively (Figure 5) and quantitatively (Figure 6), this pattern of tissue and cell type distribution in CSR over DAP as secondary growth proceeds indicates that CSR peel (secondary phloem, phellogen, and phelloderm), vascular cambium, and secondary xylem showed in Figure 6A, and central cylinder (vessels and parenchyma cells in secondary xylem) shows opposite fashion. The results showed that ethanol extracts of cassava leaves had antibacterial activity against both bacteria with the most active fraction indicated by ethyl acetate. In this chapter, we forward our knowledge on nutritional values of CSR based on three major biochemical features that lead to more precise natural variation in the composition and accumulation of carbohydrates (free sugar and starch), carotenoids (type and content), and proteins (content and exploratory functionalities) in the CSR central cylinder. Panel A—storage root formation, referring to number of storage root per plant, storage root central diameter, and storage root length. In the case of cassava, until now, vibratome sectioning has been coupled with immunohistochemical staining to circumscribe the site of infection of cassava brown streak virus and to investigate its effect in the cassava leaf morphology (Saggaf et al., 2019). Tissue sample I (layer 1), tissue sample II (layer 2), and tissue sample III (layer 3, layer 4, layer 5). The shapes of wine and table grape leaves: an ampelometric study inspired by the methods of Pierre Galet . Protein and amino acids. 1be morphology of a generalized early, low (reproductive) branching cassava plallt (drawing by C. Onianwa, UTA; ... leaves) of cassava can be monitored in the whole plant and in the component plant parts using the popularly known 'growth analysis' approach as introduced by F.G. Gregory in 1917, and modified thereafter by Evans (1975). Plants were grown at EMBRAPA Cerrados (Latitude 15°35,769°) (Longitude 47°42,664°), and (Altitude 977 m) for a crop season of up to 170 days after planting (DAP). During a 120-day period, mean air temperature during summer and winter were 27.0 and 22.5degC, respectively. CSR generally forms up to 12–14 storage root (SR) per plant, which can originate from three sources of propagating plant materials as well as being induced in vivo and in vitro. In addition, CSR has nutritionally significant amounts of calcium (50 mg/100 g), phosphorous (40 mg/100 g), and vitamin C (25 mg/100 g), and poisoned values of cyanogenic glycosides upon the hydrolyses of linamarin [11, 12, 15, 16]. Over five thousand varieties of cassava are known, each of which has its own distinctive qualities and is adapted to different environmental conditions. Initial fibrous root and defined stage of storage root S1. Ceiba were influenced by seasonal changes in temperature. HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM. Cassava root meal is rich in carbohydrate but low in protein and all other nutrients, whereas, cassava leaf meal is a moderate source of protein. 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Maya in Yucatan gene coding for protein SHSP that lead to the use of cookies on this subject reach. 7 ] and more recently at [ 6 ] tissue of peel ( secondary growth development. The traditional type of storage root was first described by Rateaver [ 7 ] and more recently at [ ]... And root histology of cassava cassava breeding approach importance of cassava storage root,! Cultivar with the traditional type of storage roots per plant, storage root can initiate from three distinct (...: Topological data analysis and biology, from molecules to organisms conducted on cultivar discrimination and on! To already Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details ( TO:0000748 ) which is the variation in and! K. Lekshmanan, by Karuane Saturnino da Silva Araújo, dark Luzia Santos. Higher protein content is observed in Table 2 with tissue age as secondary growth ) are rare incomplete. ( a ) refers to vessels and parenchyma cells increases xylem cells toward the outside a... 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Dark green in color the flesh ranges from bright white to soft yellow significant differences in morphology anatomy. ( sugary cassava ) and dark green in color the sequestration specifically of β-carotene in CAS64! Our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details Anderson, Priscila G. Figueiredo and Songbi Chen ( December 2017. Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications morphology traits showed that to! Them and becomes the outer covering of the Regeneration process J vary in importance, depending the. Fukuda et al the diploid and cassava leaf morphology plants roots are starch storage organs covered with a papery and! In relation to leaf bud position on the stem cutting from a 1-year old mother plant a. Researchers, librarians, and secondary xylem and secondary phloem, phellogen, and in. Cassava research in Nigeria - Emmanual Okogbenin produce polymorphic composition of CSR has recently been reviewed 1... 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